2010). The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. 3. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and But curriculum is just one aspect. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. Tom Lee. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. No Way! What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? Describe how they all impact on student socialization. So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. How do they contribute to student socialization? Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. 1. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. The first zone is called the core. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Socialized Delinquency. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Adults who were homeschool as kids are civically engaged and well adjusted. Social ties that students have among each other have been found to have effects on academic achievement (Broh 2002), such that positive social interactions in the school environment spill over into how well they do in their schoolwork. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Gender Socialization. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). 9. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. 11. 2. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010).
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