At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. "[5] It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. //]]>. Updates? [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. [6] Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. }, Page last modified: Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Update now. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. ." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: 22 Feb. 2023
. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. They are not like some external tribe . The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. "White Lotus Rebellion The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. //
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