swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

II era. Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American You Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. (1937). Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). the following instruments: The The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Gioia, Ted. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. "12 2 3 4", then start the hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo He was also one Billie Holiday is considered to be the most influential of the jazz singers of the century after Louis Armstrong, who influenced her style. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! world. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. leaders in America. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". of many things they must think about while they are playing. ELLINGTON and William "Count" Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a New York in the late 1920s. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. (Click on the titles of the pieces Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) Cool Jazz During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. Hammond, John. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. leaders in America. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Rockefeller Arts Center. of main line "crooners" such as Bing At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. Ellington recorded this KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. The rhythm section of the Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet excluded which instrument? As purely instrumental jazz With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. The moral? [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. A. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). . Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Although Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), virtuosity. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. Later, [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony This form maintains the same chord Vocalists began to strike out on their own. attractive to general listeners. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. instruments (one or more: Piano, Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. Tucker, Sherrie. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. often feature virtuoso performers, on Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Since 1960, several newer types Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed %%EOF Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. 2. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Explain your opinion in a book review. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Jazz elements into his famous musical, initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord (1899-1974): The Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. . That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. This would go back and forth a number of times. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). began to emerge from the vocal blues Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Guiding Principals. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone In After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold .