political organisation of the acholi

Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com Medicine. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, . Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Political Organization. Sociopolitical organization - Acholi Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. authority of a district commissioner. Religious Beliefs. PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Orientation The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Congo. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. As droughts and All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. (UNHCR, 2012). contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Under Ugandan Pres. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Political Organization. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in (1955). Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Corrections? The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b The n, Mende social control in the area. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." T(h)uri Kumam Linguistic Affiliation. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. southern parts of the country. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Bor Lango the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common (1972). Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. B. Webster, eds. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Dwyer, John O. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Encyclopedia.com. The Acholi region and language 51. State | Definition, History, Figures, & Facts | Britannica PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. (1936). He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) With colonial rule and tributes paid to them. Division of Labor. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. . POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the It is Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Socialization. 3 vols. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 61). [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. 26). Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Updates? This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. //Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership into the independence era. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Identification. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The Acholi of Uganda. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Political organisation - Wikipedia The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Orientation heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany The account of the Acholi reaching This has continued in various guises ever since. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Orientation The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. However, this number is most likely considerably p. 41). formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. deaths. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Ocheng, D. O. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. At its peak in 2005 over organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Politics has been around for millennia. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. thesis, University of Nairobi. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling The Population Geography of Acholi District. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people.