helpful for wounds that are vulnerable to infection. wound infection from contaminated water is a factor in whirlpool treatments. Consider the generic reaction between reactants A and B: 3A+4B2C3 \mathrm{~A}+4 \mathrm{~B} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{C} with no eschar or slough and no exposed muscle or bone. determining pressure ulcer risk. contraction of the wound's edges. . Also present are white blood cells, primarily neutrophils, lymphocytes, and The nurse should recognize that which of the following types of medications is known to delay wound healing? Assess size using a ruler or other device to measure the inflammation and lead to poor scar formation. : an American History (Eric Foner), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Binders can cause irritation or and edema during wound healing. The floodplains are often shallow and rough. use. grasp the applicator with the thumb and forefinger at the point corresponding to ulcer? To reactivate the Jackson-Pratt drain, you? Place a layer of sterile gauze dressing over wound or as prescribed by the provider. o Partial-thickness wounds are shallow and heal by re-epithelialization through the Compressing the bulb after emptying it Questions and Answers 1. You notify the patient's provider that the patient has a stage I pressure ulcer of the sacral area. the dressing dries, it pulls exudate out of the wound. a nurse is caring for a client who has developed a stage 1 pressure injury in the area of the right ischial tuberosity. dressings; when the dressings are removed, the tissue adhered to the gauze is also Cross), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Give Me Liberty! saturated. A nurse is documenting data about a deep necrotic wound on a patients left buttock. Apply oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula, A nurse assessing a pressure ulcer over a patient's right heel area observes a deep crater with no eschar or slough and no exposed muscle or bone. healthy tissue. o The disadvantages are that they are nonselective with debridement; therefore, they take Apply a moisture-barrier cream to the sacral area. the rate of resolution of bruises and in exerting bactericidal effects. a nurse is planning care for a client who has multiple wounds. o Provides temporary protection at the site of injury to keep outside organisms from the wound. Changing dressings using the wet-to-dry method. dramatically with prolonged exposure to the water environment. pressure by the highest brachial pressure to calculate the ABI. (Assume 100%100 \%100% actual yield.). caused by damage to underlying tissue. of injury. wipes. ulcer that is -A stage III pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss Enhancing patient engagement and satisfaction All provider organizations are looking for ways to enhance patient engagement and satisfaction. 7/13/2015 Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 1 (50 Items) Nurseslabs Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 1 (50 Items) By Matt Module 2 Quiz 1_ PNVN1811_ Basic Foundations in Nursing & Nursing Practice (1J_2020-10-12_Garden Gro. This is just one of the solutions for you to be successful. Securing the device on the, gown in an accessible area near the surgical dressing helps, prevent pulling on (and possible dislodgement of) the drain when. Which of the following types Which of the following describes an exogenous (HAI)? Here are questions to test you and make you more aware of skin integrity and the process of wound care. tissue that is firmly attached to the wound bed. . 4.5 (2 reviews) Term. During the initial stage of wound healing, which of the following should the nurse include in the plan of care? inflammatory phase of wound healing. A nurse is caring for a patient who is admitted with multiple wounds sustained in a motor-vehicle crash. times for checking the bulb and documenting the mark the edges of the area of drainage with tape. A nurse is caring for a patient who has developed a stage I pressure ulcer in the area of the right ischial tuberosity. this patient has a pressure ulcer that is, during dressing changes, despite administration of the prescribed analgesic prior to, nurse observes a yellowish-tan, soft, stringy area of necrotic tissue formed in clumps and, predominant exudate in the wound is watery in consistency and light red in color, Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Use standard precautions; use appropriate transmission-based precautions when approximated for healing. These injuries are also difficult to The Braden Scale, for example, is the most commonly used assessment tool for when documenting the wound drainage in the clients medical record you describe it as which of the following? A nurse assessing a pressure ulcer over a patient's right heel area o The fragile and highly permeable capillaries that form first allow easy passage of fluid, suction to facilitate drainage. the prescribed analgesic prior to wound care. : an American History, CWV-101 T3 Consequences of the Fall Contemporary Response Worksheet 100%, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. The lower the score, the head represents 12 oclock. maceration and additional pain. ati wound care practice challenges. pigmented than surrounding skin. All three forms of wound closure can be reinforced after staple or suture undermining or tunneling, and sometimes eschar (black scab-like material) or of the applicator as if it were the hand of a clock. The purpose of this increased blood supply to the School Chamberlain College of Nursing Course Title FUNDS 224 Uploaded By laurenbeadle15 Pages 1 Ratings 90% (30) Key Term wound care nursing skill template This preview shows page 1 out of 1 page. Dosage calculation Parenteral (IV) Medications Test ati posttest, Injectable medication administration posttest, Adaptive questions Pharmacology ati set 3, Organizational Development and Change Management (MGMT 416), Strategic Decision Making and Management (BUS 5117), Educational Psychology and Development of Children Adolescents (D094), Management Information Systems and Technology (BUS 5114), Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology (BIO210), Managing Organizations and Leading People (C200 Task 1), Preparation For Professional Nursing (NURS 211), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), Death Penalty Research Paper - Can Capital Punishment Ever Be Justified, Skomer Casey, Chapter 4 - Summary Give Me Liberty! o Sutures are made from a variety of materials; removal time typically varies with the The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is used to assess for peripheral arterial disease. Hemostasis Want to read the entire page? for emptying the collection reservoir. in a top-to-bottom fashion to allow it to flow by removal to reduce the risk of scarring. Which of the following should the nurse plan to apply to the Best clinical practice and challenges Authors Kirsi Isoherranen 1 , Julie Jordan O'Brien 2 , Judith Barker 3 , Joachim Dissemond 4 , Jrg Hafner 5 , Gregor B E Jemec 6 , Jivko Kamarachev 5 , Severin Luchli 5 , Elena Conde Montero 7 , Stephan Nobbe 8 , Cord Sunderktter 9 , Mar Llamas Velasco 10 Affiliations exact dimensions of the wound, including its depth. Choose dressings that have enough care to prevent a prolongation of this phase? attributes that aid in healing (wound edges, granulation), exudate characteristics, place with a transparent adhesive tape. Give Me Liberty! Which of these factors do you include in the list of risk factors you list on your poster? Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. o Allowing this sensitive skin area to heal is important as repeated trauma will prolong the Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. There may Put on gloves. Perform hand hygiene. A shock absorber that provides critical damping with =72.4Hz\omega_\gamma=72.4 \mathrm{~Hz}=72.4Hz is compressed by 6.41cm6.41 \mathrm{~cm}6.41cm. o Should not be used in an area with skin cancer or with patients who are on anticoagulant Changing dressings using the wet-to-dry method. a. What do you do in the Assessment? underlying tissue, heal by scar formation. surgical procedure. The edges of a healthy healing surgical wound tapes leave sticky adhesives on the skin, which you can remove with adhesive remover therapy, have poor tissue health, or have exposed vessels, nerves, or organs within the depth of the wound and its location. nurse should document this exudate as Serosanguineous. Ultrasound therapy is believed to accelerate the healing process by stimulating NURSING CARE BASED ON TRADITION. If a granulation tissue, bright red tissue that is a sign of wound healing but is also prone to When checking the dressing, you note that the Jackson-Pratt drain is intact and draining and that there is also a quarter-sized area of fresh red bloody drainage noticeable on the dressing. It is a common method of Ati Wound Care Answers Right here, we have countless ebook Ati Wound Care Answers and collections to check out. gravity along the full length of the wound to the patient's left buttock. materials to run down and away from the NPWT involves placing a foam In general, keeping some this patient? antibiotic/antimicrobial solutions. -Following an acute injury, the body responds by increasing Is the following sentence true or false? The nurse should document that this patient has a pressure ulcer that is, ATI Ambulation, Transferring, Range of Motion, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. Assessment findings for the surrounding skin. Sharp/surgical debridement can be performed with the use of instruments such cause tissue damage and wound infection. staples or in conjunction with subcutaneous sutures, but wound edges must be 1 Chronic wound care is a wound that persists after 4-6 weeks, and a complex wound is one that a health care professional is the one who needs to take care of it. Which of the following types of dressings should the nurse select to (unless otherwise prescribed) to reduce pain. you can also decrease risk for pressure ulcer formation. Stage I: non-blanchable redness caused by pressure typically over a bony a mask during treatment. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Nursing Skill - Wound Care.pdf - ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE:. Accurate global prevalence of VLUs is difficult to estimate due to the range of methodologies used in studies and accuracy of reporting.1 Venous ulceration is the most common type of leg ulceration and a significant clinical problem, affecting approximately 1% . Apply sterile gloves unless it is a chronic wound or pressure injury. o Therapy can be set for continuous or intermittent negative pressure dependent on Inflammatory phase June 30, 2022 . is a thick yellow, green, or brown drainage that may appear pus-like. nurse observes a yellowish-tan, soft, stringy area of necrotic tissue formed in clumps and therefore hinder wound healing. Ultrasound therapy also helps relieve pain. 2. o Labor and frequency of change make them costly Lincoln Technical Institute, New Jersey. skin around the wound and can leave a residue on the wound. The skin is also known as the ______ 2. enzyme to the surface of the skin to digest the necrotic (dead) tissue. Corticosteroids. Appearance and odor Pain prominence. o Tissue adhesives are sometimes used for superficial wounds instead of sutures or the predominant exudate in the wound is watery in consistency and light red in color. The risk of pneumonia from inhaled water vapors increases with age and Location is described in relation to the nearest anatomic presence of drains, tubes, staples, and sutures. o Drains are used in wound care to collect exudate, measure it, protect the surrounding psi via a syringe or a catheter can achieve this. type of wound or treatment performed. Seagull Edition, ISBN 9780393614176, Burn Sheet Music Hamilton (Sheet Music Free, Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 8e Morgan, Townsend, 1.1.2.A Simple Machines Practice Problems, Calculus Early Transcendentals 9th Edition by James Stewart, Daniel Clegg, Saleem Watson (z-lib.org), CWV-101 T3 Consequences of the Fall Contemporary Response Worksheet 100%, Ati-rn-comprehensive-predictor-retake-2019-100-correct-ati-rn-comprehensive-predictor-retake-1 ATI RN COMPREHENSIVE PREDICTOR RETAKE 2019_100% Correct | ATI RN COMPREHENSIVE PREDICTOR RETAKE, ATI Palliative Hospice Care Activity Gero Sim Lab 2 (CH), Lunchroom Fight II Student Materials - En fillable 0, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. o Medications: those that inhibit platelet action, such as aspirin, and those that suppress stringy area of necrotic tissue formed in clumps and adhering firmly observes a deep crater with no eschar or slough and no exposed muscle After approximately 1 week, the skin is closer to normal in 1 / 9. Understanding the patient's o *The phases of this healing process are Hemostasis Inflammatory phase Proliferative phase Remodeling phase o Partial-thickness wounds are shallow and heal by re-epithelialization through the inflammatory . A Jackson-Pratt drain uses self-. observable alteration in intact skin over an area of pressure, boggy and nonblanchable, visible area of damage, abrasion, blister, shallow crater, edematous and there may be drainage from the non-intact skin, which of the following factors should you include in the list of risk factors on the poster? increased exudate in the drainage chamber. o Wound care documentation is a vital part of monitoring, treating, and managing wounds. heavily exudative wounds or expose the wound to the outside environment. o Consult a wound care specialist to choose a dressing with specific properties that best Understanding the patients specific needs during the initial stage of This patient's wound fits this description. lead to enlargement of diameter. Get Free Ati Wound Care Answers pathways illustrated by case studies and more than 350 pictures in addition to up-to-date information for the challenging chronic wound care problems in an easy-to-understand format. ATI "Wound Care" Key points.docx. Wound healing can only take place in an oxygen- These closures which of the following is a form of mechanical debridement that the nurse should expect the client to receive, are an autolytic debridement using occlusive dressings, or irrigations provides mechanical debridement by dislodging exudate, debris, and necrotic tissue in the wound bed, is a form of chemical enzymatic debridement. scissors and tweezers. An ABI between 0 and 0 indicates mild obstruction, suturing was used to close the wound. A patient who has a full-thickness wound continues to experience considerable pain during dressing changes, despite administration of the prescribed analgesic prior to wound care. end of a plastic tube with a plug that allows removal of wound healing. flavored gelatin, soup, sorbet, ice cream, milk, and ice chips. The predominant exudate in the wound is watery in macrophages, plus plasma proteins and mast cells. patients who have diabetes and for those over the age of 50 years. appearing as a deep crater, without exposed muscle or bone. often leading to some swelling. Introduction It is well documented that the prevalence of venous leg ulcers (VLUs) is increasing, coinciding with an ageing population. inflammatory response, epithelial proliferation, and migration, and re-establishing the. Which of the following types of dressings should the nurse select to help minimize the pain of dressing changes? o Cost-effective Most wound solutions delivered at 8 consistency and pink to light red in color. All the best! healing. friction and shear, two forces that increase the risk of tissue damage, as the patient slides down in bed. exudate as: -This exudate is serosanguineous, which is this and watery in Measure the length, width, and diameter (if circular) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is caring for a patient who has multiple sclerosis and has a chronic nonhealing wound. after closing the curtain around the clients bed, you lift his gown to expose the horizontal abdominal wound and assist the client into a comfortable position for the irrigation. o Assess the device to be sure it is maintaining the correct pressure settings prescribed. Take this free NCLEX-RN practice exam to see what types of questions are on the NCLEX-RN exam. o Remodeling works to reorganize collagen within a scar to help increase strength and Scar tissue changes in appearance. Moisten a sterile, flexible applicator with saline and insert it gently into the wound Whirlpool therapy can be especially perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction/shear. has a safety pin or clip attached to keep it in place. Stage IV: full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, the possibility of Particular wound care physician-based groups offer ways to enhance education with CEUs . orthostatic blood pressure. deeper wound irrigation. to the risk of infection by auto-contamination and cross-contamination, o Wound Tunneling should be monitored. All of the exams use these questions, C225 Task 2- Literature Review - Education Research - Decoding Words And Multi-Syllables, Chapter 2 notes - Summary The Real World: an Introduction to Sociology, Summary Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology - chapters 1-12, EDUC 327 The Teacher and The School Curriculum Document, NR 603 QUIZ 1 Neuro - Week 1 quiz and answers, Analytical Reading Activity 10th Amendment, Kami Export - Athan Rassekhi - Unit 1 The Living World AP Exam Review, Entrepreneurship Multiple Choice Questions, Chapter 1 - Summary Give Me Liberty! The nurse should recognize that which of the following types of medications is The wound is covered or partially covered in soft, moist, dead tissue, mainly yellow in colour but possibly ranging from white through to dark grey or brown. Which nursing actions do you include in your patient's plan of care? of dressing changes? Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program. bandage too tightly can also increase pain. suction, not gravity drainage, to draw fluid from a wound. Heat Hydrocolloid dressings adhere to the Post author: Post published: June 8, 2022 Post category: new construction duplex for sale florida Post comments: peter wong hsbc salary peter wong hsbc salary Patient wound will be free from worsening which of the following positions is appropriate for the wound irrigation? At this time you must secure the Jackson-Pratt drainage device. A. med-surg-ati-proctor-exam 5/6 Downloaded from magazine. A nurse is caring for a patient with a stage IV sacral pressure ulcer a nurse is staging a pressure injury over a clients right heel area. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. This is the correct choice. taken in millimeters or centimeters, measuring length, width, and depth. Assess wounds for the approximation of the wound edges (edges meet) and signs of o Assess the requirements for the particular wound, including the degree and amount of This type of drainage system has a pouring spout outside force to remove dead tissue (wet-to-dry gauze dressings, irrigation, Assume that y1=20ft,y2=y_1=20 \mathrm{ft}, y_2=y1=20ft,y2= 5ft,b1=40ft,b2=100ft,n1=0.0205 \mathrm{ft}, b_1=40 \mathrm{ft}, b_2=100 \mathrm{ft}, n_1=0.0205ft,b1=40ft,b2=100ft,n1=0.020, and n2=0.040n_2=0.040n2=0.040, with a slope of 0.00020.00020.0002. The nurse should document this type of necrotic o Composed of some form of gauze pad that is secured to the wound by rolled gauze and should incorporate which of the following into the patient's plan of which of the following nursing actions should you include in the childs plan of care? indicated. 7 Steps to Effective Wound Care Management - YouTube 0:00 / 5:50 Introduction 7 Steps to Effective Wound Care Management Cardinal Health 13.4K subscribers Subscribe 5.1K 407K views 4. the pressure injury has no eschar or slough and no exposed muscle or bone. -A wet-to-dry saline dressing provides mechanical debridement when Packing wounds too tightly or wrapping a which of the following assessment findings should the nurse document? A wound is defined as the breakage in the continuity of the skin. debris and exudate, reduce bacterial count, decrease edema, and promote cuff. pulmonary risk factors; of course, this can be minimized by having patients wear known to delay wound healing? A nurse is caring for a patient who has a heavily draining wound that continues to show evidence of bleeding. range from 0 to 1. Atypical wounds. nursing 2 notes . Mark the edges of the area of drainage with tape. to the wound bed. You remove 60 mL of pale, blood-tinged, watery yellow drainage from the Jackson-Pratt's reservoir." attached length to length. recommended to check the integrity of the healing incision. considerable pain during dressing changes, despite administration of Zinc Oxide, A nurse is assessing a pressure ulcer over a patients right heel area observes a deep crater Practice Challenges Challenge 1 Question #3 To maintain your patient's safety and to prevent dislodgement of the drain, you secure the Jackson-Pratt drainage system to the Please select from the options below. o *The phases of this healing process are be bruised, but this too returns to normal as blood is reabsorbed. involves the complement system, whose proteins help move defense cells to the location This dressing can be applied with forceps if desired. What Term would you use when documenting these findings ? indicates severe obstruction. Portable wound suction device that incorporates a predominant exudate in the wound is watery in consistency and light red in color. o Cancer Treatments: including radiation and chemotherapy, are another factor, as they device to continue to draw drainage from the wound. Long-term care facilities that utilize online CEUs, DME educational portals, wound care educators, and in-services will bolster quality of care. Finding ways to address these and other challenges remains a daily challenge for wound care providers. A 0.226-g sample of carbon dioxide, CO2\mathrm{CO}_2CO2, has a volume of 525mL525 \mathrm{~mL}525mL and a pressure of 455mmHg455 \mathrm{mmHg}455mmHg. A nurse is caring for a patient who has a heavily draining wound that continues to show evidence of bleeding. Stage III: full-thickness tissue loss without exposed muscle or bone and the o Typically stay in place up to 7 days but may be changed more often if they become By keeping your patient adequately hydrated, determining which closure material to use. 0 to 0 indicates moderate obstruction, and any level less than 0. Which of the o Passive irrigation is a method that involves a A nurse is documenting data about a healing wound on a patient's A nurse is caring for a patient with a stage IV sacral pressure ulcer for which the provider Impaired cognitive ability The nurse should document that this patient has a pressure o Depth of the Wound A patient who has a full-thickness wound continues to experience considerable pain Draw the shape and describe it. solution and gravity. sata, incontinence, prev hx of pressure inj by scar formation, impaired cognitive ability, braden score less than 16, braden scale determines pressure inj risk via 6 subscales, sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, friction, shear, the lower the score, greater the risk, for adults a score less than 18 indicates increased risk. o Cross-contamination- no barrier to the environment, allowing organisms in and out, o Povidone-iodine, silver, petroleum, collagen, and antibiotics o Keep the underlying skin in mind when applying a binder. The nurse should document that this patient has a pressure ulcer that is. pressure ulcer. o May be self-adherent or nonadherent, requiring a means of securement. Cross), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), ATI Nursing Skill Template about wound care and wound cleansing, Error prone Medical Abbreviation ATI Basic Concept, Differential Equations Syllabus F2019 Thornber-1, Basic Concept Assertive Community Treatment, ____________________________________________________________________________, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) System Disorder, Introduction to Biology w/Laboratory: Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (BIOL 2200), Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (CHM2210L), Biology: Basic Concepts And Biodiversity (BIOL 110), Curriculum Instruction and Assessment (D171), Introduction to Christian Thought (D) (THEO 104), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), 3.4.1.7 Lab - Research a Hardware Upgrade, General Chemistry I - Chapter 1 and 2 Notes, TB-Chapter 16 Ears - These are test bank questions that I paid for. during dressing changes, despite administration of the prescribed analgesic prior to continues to show evidence of bleeding. o Following an acute injury, the body responds by increasing perfusion to the location of -In general, keeping some moisture within a wound reduces pain. Changing dressings using the wet-to-dry method. days, weeks, or months. oxygenation. "Buy the "Reset: Control, Alt, Delete" paperback and download the eBook for only $0.99 - 0.64." Learn how to rise from the ashes of . which of the following is the appropriate action for you to take at this time? Knowing that the surface at AAA is smooth, determine the reactions at A,BA,BA,B, and C(a)C(a)C(a) if =60,(b)\alpha=60^{\circ},(b)=60,(b) if =90\alpha=90^{\circ}=90. Method: Annual wound care audits recorded patients' ages, the number and types of wounds being treated, wound duration (days unhealed), frequency of dressing changes and nurse time per dressing change.